Due Sunday, October 30, 2022, 11:59 PM
Time remaining: 2 days 22 hours
Identify a perceptual trick or illusion that you are interested in. Describe the illusion and how it impacts human perception. Then describe how it has been used in film, photography, or other forms of art. Choose at least two examples. Provide a description of the artwork or film in which the perceptual trick was used (For example the name of the painting and artist or the name of a film and director and what scene it is from). Why do you think it was used in the art work, film, or photograph? Do you think the illusion was effective in achieving the desired perceptual distortion? Your discussion should be one page double-spaced in APA format.
Introduction To Perception
Learning objectives: By the end of this presentation you will be able to
describe the role of bottom-up (sensation) and top-down processes in perception; explain how perception makes sense of sensory information.
identify problems that perception must overcome and give examples; recognize these as part of the more general problems of cognition.
By describing top-down processes that make sense of bottom-up (sensory) information, explain the perception of 1) objects, 2) speech and 3) pain
I. Bottom-Up (Sensory) & Top-Down Processes in Perception
EXPERIENCE
PERCEPTION
SENSATION
Bottom-up process whereby
sensory receptors receive
stimulus energy, convert
that energy into neural impulses, and deliver that information to higher levels of mental processing for integration
Top-down process whereby higher-level mental processes
organize and interpret sensory
information; the mental glue
that makes sense of sensory
information.
Introduction To Perception
Introduction To Perception
II. Problems For Perception
the problems for perception are the problems for cognition generally, that the environment is ambiguous.
example 1: inverse projection problem
inverse projection problem -problem (faced by the mind) of working backwards from the retinal image to determine the shape of the originating object.
Introduction To Perception
II. Problems For Perception
the problems for perception are the problems for cognition generally, that the environment is ambiguous.
example 1: inverse projection problem
example 2: incomplete information
Whose face is this?
Cant tell? Try looking obliquely; try squinting.
Why would squinting improve recognition? Squinting reduces sensory information.
Reducing sensory information allows perception to play a greater role making sense of sensory information.
Introduction To Perception
II. Problems For Perception
the problems for perception are the problems for cognition generally, that the environment is ambiguous.
example 1: inverse projection problem
example 2: incomplete information
Introduction To Perception
III. Examples of Perception At Work
note: look for how top-down processes make sense of bottom-up (sensory) information
A. Object Perception
Can you identify the objects in the following photgraphs?
Caption: Multiple personalities of a blob. What we expect to see in different contexts influences our interpretation of the identity of the blob inside the circles.
Introduction To Perception
III. Examples of Perception At Work
note: look for how top-down processes make sense of bottom-up (sensory) information
A. Object Perception
B. Speech Perception
Introduction To Perception
speech segmentation- ability to tell where one word ends and another begins even when there is no physical segmentation in the sound energy, as in
segmentation is dependent on top-down interpretation of language (we cannot segment speech in a foreign language)
Introduction To Perception
III. Examples of Perception At Work
note: look for how top-down processes make sense of bottom-up (sensory) information
A. Object Perception
B. Speech Perception
C. Perception of Pain
placebo effect- the decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmaceutical effect. Due to expectation that the substance will reduce pain.
pain resides in the brain; so does the placebo effect
Introduction To Perception
Review: For each, what is the top-down process that makes sense of bottom-up (sensory) information?
A. Object Perception: Personalities of a Blob?
context influenced the interpretation of a blob
B. Speech Perception: Speech Segmentation
language enabled speech segmentation
C. Perception of Pain: Placebo effect
expectations of relief caused placebo effect
image2.png
image3.emf
image4.png
image5.png
image6.jpeg
image7.png
media1.mp4
image8.png How Perception Works: Theories of Object Perception
Learning objectives: By the end of this presentation you will be able to
recognize that proposed processes of object perception offer complementary explanations of how we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information using heuristics.
describe how, according to Helmholtz, applying the likelihood principle enables unconscious inferences that resolve stimulus ambiguity.
identify several Gestalt rules of form that resolve stimulus ambiguity.
explain how experience with regularities in the environment may provide the basis of our perceptual assumptions; give examples of physical and semantic regularities.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
Accurately perceiving objects requires that we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information; recall inverse projection problem
inverse projection problem -problem (faced by the mind) of working backwards from the retinal image to determine the shape of the originating object.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
Accurately perceiving objects requires that we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information; recall inverse projection problem
The way that cognitive processes resolve ambiguities is by using satisficing heuristics.
Three processes of object perception, which operate as heuristics are covered, unconscious inference, rules of form, and environmental regularities; they are to be viewed as complementary rather than as alternatives
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
According to Helmholtzs theory of unconscious inference
perception is the result of unconscious inferences (assumptions) we make about the environment.
likelihood principle: we perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experiences
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
proximity
proximity- objects that are close to each other are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
similarity- objects that are similar to each other are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
good continuation
good continuation- objects that form a continuous straight or curved line are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
good continuation
pragnanz
pragnanz- objects that form a pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly are perceived as a group (meta-principle)
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity, similarity, good continuation, pragnanz
Above principles operate as heuristics
Where Do They Come From?
originally conceived as intrinsic rules
modern cognitive psychologists believe they are learned from experience
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities- regularly occurring physical properties (horizontals and verticals, not obliques)
Some Physical Regularities & Their Effects
horizontals and verticals and the oblique effect-poorer discrimination among oblique objects than among horizontal and vertical ones; due to fewer oblique feature detectors.
Some Physical Regularities & Their Effects
horizontals and verticals and the oblique effect
light from above and the light from above assumption
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities
semantic regularities- characteristics regularly associated with a given scene.
Semantic Regularities
Which Object Does Not Belong In The Scene?
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities
semantic regularities
Environmental regularities are the basis of the assumptions & organizing principles (heuristics) that guide perceptions.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
III. Recap: How do the three processes of object perception illustrate the use of heuristics to resolve the problem of an ambiguous environment?
unconsciously inferring the most likely cause is a heuristic process
Gestalt principles are heuristic rules
environmental regularities provide the basis of assumptions, which are used heuristically.
image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
image5.png
image6.png
image7.jpeg
image8.jpeg
image9.jpeg
image10.png
image11.jpeg
image12.jpeg
image13.jpeg
image14.jpeg
image15.jpeg
image16.jpeg Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Learning objectives: By the end of this presentation you will be able to
define experience-dependent plasticity and describe how it illustrates the influence of experience on bottom-up processing.
describe classic studies of experience-dependent plasticity
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
I. Overview
last time we discussed processes of object perception and learned that experience plays a role in top-down processing (likelihood from experience, rules of form from environmental regularities)
Today we will briefly consider two studies, which show that experience influences bottom-up processing of sensory information.
studies concern experience-dependent plasticity- a change in brain structure as the result of experience
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
I. Overview
II. The Research
A. Blakemoore & Cooper (1970) kittens in tubes
To summarize
reared 3wk-3month old kittens in environments with either horizontal or vertical lines.
kittens failed to respond to stimuli that did not match their rearing environment.
visual cortex of kittens lacked feature detectors tuned to stimuli that did not match their rearing environment.
exposure to normal visual environment within the sensitive period restored vision.
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
I. Overview
II. The Research
A. Blakemoore & Cooper (1970) kittens in tubes study
B. Gauthier et al.s (1999) Greebles study
measured activity of neurons in FFA, known to respond to faces.
created experts by exgtensively training participants in Greeble recognition over a 4-day period
measured activity of FFA cells again
that training increased responding to greebles to the same level at which they respond to faces suggests experience plays a role in tuning cells in FFA.
media1.mp4
image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
SHOW MORE…
Synthesis Assignment – Social Issue as the Behaviorist Sees It
Synthesis is the act of creating something new from multiple existing entities. Synthesis of research, then, is creating a new idea from existing ideas. It is a process developed through time and practice. In this assignment, you will apply the synthesis process to journal readings from the course. You will also need to conduct additional research into the social issue you have chosen to examine.
General Requirements:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:
Refer to the outline you created in Topic 5 along with any feedback from your instructor.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Doctoral learners are required to use APA 7th style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
Use academic sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, and other instructor-approved texts.
Refer to Chapters 2-4 of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(6th ed.) for specific guidelines related to doctoral-level writing. These chapters contain essential information on manuscript structure and content, clear and concise writing, and academic grammar and usage.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to theLopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resourcesif you need assistance.
Directions:
Locate the outline you created in Module 5.
Using the outline you developed and the feedback provided by your instructor, write a paper (2,000-2,250 words) that synthesizes information from resources you identified. Do that by including the following:
1. A description of a current social issue (e.g., prejudice/discrimination, women’s rights, terrorism, homelessness, etc.). What is the problem to be researched?
2. A behavioral analysis of the issue. Ask yourself, how would a behavioral theorist view the creation and persistence of this issue?
3. A behavioral solution to the issue. How can behavioral theories be applied to solve this issue? Determine a plan of action, even if it is hypothetical.
4. Describe the limitations of the behavioral interpretation of the issue, as well as any limitations to the behavioral solution. How might you resolve those limitations? College of Doctoral Studies
PSY-803 Template: Outline for Social Issues Paper
Origins of Behaviorism
I. Introduction
a. Setting. This section will talk about the definition of behaviorism as grounded within psychology.
b. In this section, there will be a conversation about the influences of behaviorism on individual and group mentality.
c. As a continued part of the introduction, this part will contextualize elements of behaviorism that influence social issues.
d. Brief description of the different types of behaviorism that can be exhibited and their implication based on societal norms.
e. Individuals attaining celebrity status should be held to a higher ethical standard. This paragraph will introduce the aspect of the stimulus-guided response to behaviorism by looking at three insights.
II. Statement of the Problem
a. It states the problem of celebrity individuals that contribute to the perception of positive and negative behavior.
i. It is unknown how a celebrity status affects daily life, even as there are expectations of adherence to specific rules so as not to influence the general public negatively.
ii. A brief on behavioral concepts ingrained within being a public figure and how they affect societal perception, including social movements.
b. Seeing is believing is a societal concept ingrained in every aspect of the general media hence the discussion on how it affects the literal forms of enabled behaviors (Baum, 2017).
c. Discussion on the brief background of the problem looking at the concept of seeing, is not defined within its literal form. It is seen differently depending on the population of focus by age, race, and gender.
i. Raise an insightful look at the identification of the aspect of celebrity as a status that affects an individual outlook on life, power, and the ability to be impressionable.
III. Behavioral Analysis of the Problem
a. By definition of the fundamentality that there is a qualitative distinction between human and animal behavior, this part of the discussion will focus on linking comparative psychology to the consequential element of celebrity status (Barrett, 2019).
i. We were discussing the understanding of the relationship between the expectation of the public and the continuation of the status of the individual, and the benefit of being a celebrity.
ii. Detail instances where influences of the ripple effect of celebrity behavior stimulated the increase in activism against and for specific social issue
b. Analyze the problem based on the first theory. A look at the idea of conditioning and how interaction with the environment influences the perception of good and bad behavior (Hunter, 2019).
i. Using examples from current movements spearheaded by Hollywood, this example will attempt to describe the observed consequential changes.
c. Analyze the problem based on the second theory. By looking at the idea of reinforced behavior through learned practice, this section can attempt to understand the element of circumstantial changes and their impact on the behavioral framework.
i. Using social media, the discussion will look at thematic and algorithm-led behavior born from celebrity status and how they influence the public demand for content.
d. Analyze the problem based on the third theory. Considering the third theory that looks at radicalism, the discussion will focus on understanding the environmental past of the person and how that refocuses the approach to their actions.
i. Using examples of celebrities and alleged predators, the dynamic of power as perceived from their point of view will be used to attempt an analysis of the skewed definition of norms.
IV. Behavioral Solutions
a. Identification of solutions that behaviorism as a study can offer
i. Description of the mental, educational, and scientific research elements that observation and measure of behavior can enforce towards increased social issues awareness, improvement of systemic changes, and increased engagement.
ii. Focusing on the celebrity population, this section will discuss the implication of increased platform use to support positively reinforced behavior to normalize higher ethical standards.
V. Limitations of the Behavioral Solution
a. Discuss on limitations present in a behavioral interpretation of cognition and, thus, the objectivity of implementation.
b. We are identifying the solutions to the limitation with emphasis on the universality of increased effectiveness in applicability.
c. The proposition is to increase contingencies of control of behavioral influence using individual unique focus and normalization of diversification (Barrett, 2019).
VI. Conclusion
a. Summary of the key takeaway that involves recognition of behaviorism evidence in celebrities.
b. Summary of the implication of learned and accepted perception based on external influences and how that implicates perception changes to negative and positive behaviors to enable.
c. Summarize key takeaways from three researchers on conditioned, reinforced, and radicalized behaviorism as impacting the behaviors of celebrities as impressionable characters.
d. Restating of the thesis- connecting it to critical takeaways and
e. Conclude the current literature as a single unit.
i. Summary of whether the discussion proved the statement or went against it.
ii. The key message that should be taken from the discussion focuses on answering the statement of whether individuals attaining a celebrity status should be held to a higher ethical standard.
References
Barrett, L. (2019). Enactivism, pragmatism behaviorism?.
Philosophical Studies,
176(3), 807-818.
Baum, W. M. (2017).
Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, culture, and evolution. John Wiley & Sons.
Hunter, G. (2019). The Self: Can Behaviorism Inform the Study of The Self?
J Psychiatry Depress Anxiety,
5, 021.
2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
image1.jpeg