Please reply to the following discussion with one or more references. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Cite resources in your responses to other classmates.
Responses must consist of at least 350 words (not including the greeting and the references), do NOT repeat the same thing your classmate is saying, try to add something of value like a resource, educational information to give to patients, possible bad outcomes associated with the medicines discussed in the case, try to include a sample case you’ve seen at work and discuss how you feel about how that case was handled. Try to use supportive information such as current Tx guidelines, current research related to the treatment, and anything that will enhance learning in the online classroom.
References must come from peer-reviewed/professional sources (No WebMD/Mayo Clinic or Wikipedia please!).
Discussion attached
Thanks

Jessica Alper Discussion

Differential diagnosis

Crohns Disease is classified as a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to digestive disorders including inflammation of the digestive system. Some factors associated with it are geographical location, inappropriate diet, genetics, as well as inappropriate immune responses (Seyedian et al., 2019). Crohns disease can mimic other types of diseases, which can make it difficult to diagnose. Symptoms associated with this condition include pain, diarrhea, fever and more. It usually affects the mouth, anus, and the entire layers of the intestines.
The first differential diagnosis is Ulcerative Colitis (UC), which is another type of IBD and can also lead to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms associated with UC include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, as well as weight loss. Symptoms are typically limited to the colon and is found mostly in some parts of the large intestine including colon and rectum (Seyedian et al., 2019).
The second differential diagnosis is celiac disease. Caio et al. (2019) state that this condition is autoimmune, and it is characterized by a specific serological and histological profile triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Gluten is described as a protein that is alcohol-soluble and presents in several cereals, such as wheat, rye, barley, spelt and more. Symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, bloating, gas, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
The third differential diagnosis for this condition is diverticulitis, which is defined as an inflammation of the diverticulum in the colon. It can be either acute or chronic, and it is most specifically described as an obstruction of the diverticulum sac by fecalith, which by irritation of the mucosa causes low-grade inflammation, congestion and further obstruction (Rezapour et al., 2017). Multiple factors can contribute to this disease, such as colonic wall structure, colonic motility, genetics, fiber intake, vitamin D levels, obesity, as well as physical activity.

Physical exam findings

When examining a patient with Crohns disease, it is important to focus on a few different factors, such as temperature, weight, nutritional status, presence or absence of abdominal tenderness or a mass, perianal along with rectal examination findings, additionally to extraintestinal manifestations (Ghazi, 2019). Some findings from the physical assessment can vary from fullness to discrete masses, especially in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, which typically involves the ileal part of the colon. Other masses may be felt due to the thickened or matted loops of the inflamed bowels.
Upon assessing the perianal area, more information can be provided to increase the suspicion of the inflammatory bowel disease. Skin tags, fistulae, ulcers, abscesses, and scarring may be noted. Additionally, performing a rectal examination can help assess the sphincter tone and gross abnormalities of the rectal mucosa can be observed. Other extraintestinal manifestations may be noted with Crohns disease, such as the skin, joints, mouth, eyes, liver, or bile ducts, and especially arthritis and arthralgia. Lastly, examination of the skin and oral mucosa may show mucocutaneous or aphthous ulcers, erythema nodosum, and pyoderma gangrenosum (Ghazi, 2019). Other signs include pallor in anemic patients, jaundice in patients with liver disease with cholestasis, as well as episcleritis.

Diagnostic testing

The diagnosis of Crohns disease can be made based on the clinical, laboratory, histologic and radiologic findings. Several procedures may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Performing a colonoscopy is the test of choice in order to assess the disease activity in patients with this condition. An alternative option is to perform complementary cross-sectional imaging to assess the phenotype. An upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and histologic examination may be recommended when the colonoscopy is unable to definitely diagnose Crohns disease or in the presence or upper GI symptoms (Ghazi, 2019). Ordering plain radiography or CT scan of the abdomen may also be used to assess for any bowel obstructions. They can also be used to assess the pelvis for any type of intra-abdominal abscesses. CT enterography or MRI can now replace the small bowel follow-through studies, as they help better differentiate between inflammation and fibrosis. Lastly, an MRI of the pelvis or endoscopic ultrasounds can help assess for perianal fistulae and may also help detect the presence of pelvic or perianal abscesses.
Additionally to diagnostic tests, some laboratory values might help narrow down the diagnosis of Crohns disease. CRP and ESR can be associated with complications of the condition. The full diagnosis is made by endoscopic visualization and biopsy, especially a colonoscopy with intubation of the terminal ileum that is used to evaluate the extend of the disease, to demonstrate strictures and fistulae, and to obtain biopsy samples to help differentiate the process from other inflammatory, infectious, or acute conditions (Ghazi, 2019).

Treatment Plan

It is important to note that the treatment of Crohns disease is based on the disease site, the pattern, the activity as well as the severity. One specific goal of treatment includes achieving the best possible clinical, laboratory, and histologic control of the inflammation disease with the least adverse effects from medication (Ghazi, 2019). Another goal is to allow the patient to properly function on a daily basis, as well as promoting growth with adequate nutrition in children.
Veauthier and Hornecker (2018) state that the management of Crohns disease aims at first treating the inflammatory process along with the associated complications, while achieving and maintaining remission. Antibiotics should be limited to treating complications, such as abscesses and fistulas. Some medication treatments include prescribing corticosteroids, immunomodulators as well as biologics. Corticosteroids typically includes tapering courses of prednisone, starting with 40 to 60mg based on the severity of the symptoms, and decreasing by 5 mg until 20mg is reached, then decreasing by 2.5 to 5mg until discontinuation is achieved. As far as immunomodulators, thiopurines and methotrexate can be used to induce remission. Monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-TNF agents, anti-integrin agents and anti-interleukin antibody therapy may help induce remission and should be continued for maintenance. Depending on the severity of the symptoms and the disease process, early resection may be an option if the disease is limited to the ileocecal region (Veauthier & Hornecker, 2018).

References

Caio, G., Volta, U., Sapone, A., Leffler, D. A., De Giorgio, R., Catassi, C., & Fasano, A. (2019). Celiac disease: A comprehensive current review. BMC medicine, 17(1), 142.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1380-z

Ghazi, L. J. (2019). Crohns disease clinical presentation. Medscape.

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172940-clinical#b3

Rezapour, M., Ali, S., & Stollman, N. (2018). Diverticular disease: An update on pathogenesis and management. Gut and liver, 12(2), 125132.

https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16552

Seyedian, S. S., Nokhostin, F., & Malamir, M. D. (2019). A review of the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment methods of inflammatory bowel disease.
Journal of medicine and life,
12(2), 113122.

https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2018-0075

Veauthier, B., & Hornecker, J. R. (2018). Crohn’s disease: Diagnosis and management. American Family Physician, 98(11), 661-669.

SHOW MORE…

2 Discussions

Discussion 1
Discussion 2

Survey Instrument Human comput Inter & usability

One of the ways in which usability professionals collect data, and for that matter academic professionals, is the use of a survey instrument. In this assignment, youll create a paper-based survey instrument evaluating a mobile application or Website. In the assignment, you are expected to include:
Participant Demographic Data (Name, Age, Gender, Location, Education etc.)
Participation Consent
8 10 Measurable Quantitative Questions (Using a scale to support measurement, i.e., Likert)
2 4 Qualitative Questions
Leverage the literature and textbook examples in your instrument creation. This survey is a PAPER PROTOTYPE not to be completed using a survey instrument such as Survey Monkey.
Readings
Chapter 8, Interaction Design 5thEdition
World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.).How to analyze qualitative data from UX research: Thematic Analysis. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved from
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/thematic-analysis/

World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.).6 mistakes when Crafting Interview questions. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved from
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/interview-questions-mistakes/

TextBook
Title:Interaction Design
ISBN:9780470665763
Authors:Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp, Jenny Preece
Publisher:John Wiley & Sons
Publication Date:2011-06-07 Assignment Info Tech and Mobile Application
By far, the type of writing that we encounter, both in secular and academic settings, fall into the category of being “informational/Observatory”. The intent of research writing is different – research writing is usually centered around advancing understanding of a topical problem/issue, and for a “community”. Research writings, therefore, leverage the work of prior research or it opens a discussion around a current topic. In either case, such writings follow a streamlined format that is familiar to researchers. This format, typically, contain components such as:
Title,
Abstract,
Introduction,
Method,
Results,
Future Works, etc. (see example research paper under this week’s
Learning Materialssection). The purpose of your assignment this week is for you toexamine componentsof a
researcharticle and to identify guidelines for conducting critical analyses of published works. The knowledge gain here should be applied when completing your Week 3 research writing assignment. As you complete any writing assignment it is a good idea to proof read your work and use the University Writing Center to help with APA formatting; both will assist in minimizing grammatical errors and improve conducting research writing.

Your Assignment:

1.
Find a research article- mobile technology preferred; but any technology topic is acceptable.A research effort is usually placed in the context of a “business problem” that can be understood in terms of carefully designed research questions; this allows for maximum research, understanding, and participation around resolving the problem.

2.
Write a three – five (3-5) page paperthatevaluates the research articleyou found – your paper should be: typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. See hand-outs provided on graduate and APA style research papers.

Evaluate criteria- notice what research components (Title, Abstract, Method, etc.) are used in the article you found (see the article “Guidelines for Evaluating a Research” in this week’s
Learning Materialssection)

1. State the name of the article you found and that is being evaluated and who the author(s) is/are.
2. What is this article about – talk about its context (what is the topic; its purpose, and significance to what/whom)?
3. What components of a research format are included in this article?
4. How does its format contribute to the purpose of the writing; that is, Research?
5. Do the author(s) use this format in a way that furthers research – what other component(s), if any, might be helpful to this purpose?

Discuss- general guidelines for research writing (not necessarily in this order):

What makes research writing different than ordinary information/observation writing?
Identify and explain major components of a research paper format
Why use peer-reviewed journals in research?
Why are keywords used in the Abstract and during the Literature Review process?
Why use/apply APA basic citation style in these writing assignments?
Why is academic integrity important (see syllabus)?
Use at least five differentquality resourcesin this assignment.
Note: Wikipedia, Blogs, Info articles, and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources for research writing.Include a cover page containing: the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference pages do not count toward the page count. Review the Helpful Information provided related to critical thinking and also follow the hand-outs provided in this week’s folder.

Text Book
Title:Mobile App Development for iOS and Android
ISBN:9781943153909
Authors:Jakob Iversen and Michael Eierman
Publisher:New Riders PTG
Publication Date:2021
Edition:3 ED. Project 1 Info Tech and Mobile Application

Week 1 – Project 1 (Chapter 1, pg. 7, Exercise #3)

Identify and explain a specific business process. How might this process be automated with mobile technologies? How might it be completely redesigned? Refer to instructions in the textbook.

TEXTBOOK

Title:Mobile App Development for iOS and Android
ISBN:9781943153909
Authors:Jakob Iversen and Michael Eierman
Publisher:New Riders PTG
Publication Date:2021
Edition:3 ED. Discussion 1 Emerging Threat & counter Measures

What are the various technologies employed by wireless devices to maximize their use of the available radio frequencies? Also discuss methods used to secure 802.11 wireless networking in your initial thread.
Please make your initial post and two response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least TWO of the following:
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your readings and other sources from the UC Library. Use proper citations and references in your post.
350-400 Words
Readings

Hokeun Kim, Wasicek, A., Mehne, B., & Lee, E. A. (2016).
A Secure Network Architecture for the Internet of Things Based on Local Authorization Entities.2016 IEEE 4th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), 114122.

Cao, Jiang, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, S., You, D., & Xu, X. (2020).
A Survey Of Network Attacks On Cyber-Physical Systems.IEEE Access,8, 11. Discussion 2 Info Tech and Mobile Application

Why Mobile Apps? If potential customers cannot reach your services, they are lost potential customers. Smartphones, tablets, and other nontraditional devices are pervasive in the market. The onus of responsibility is on developers to help customers get a product anywhere. Do competitors offer products or services your organization does not? Is that why they have an app? Is there a market an organization desires to expand into? If an organization is already in that market, can they add any features to an app that will have more draw than their competitors?

Why is mobile development difficult? Explain.
Why do some organizations think they do not need a mobile presence?
Why do organizations need a mobile application?
What is the Application Development Life Cycle (ADLC); How does ADLC related to Android development in an enterprise? (see hand-outs in Learning Materials)
Describe 3 key phases of activities that occur in the ADLC – which phase is the work of this class? (see hand-outs in Learning Materials)

TEXTBOOK

Title:Mobile App Development for iOS and Android
ISBN:9781943153909
Authors:Jakob Iversen and Michael Eierman
Publisher:New Riders PTG
Publication Date:2021
Edition:3 ED.